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Course Description
Living cell`s save up metabolic energy in the form of Fat, carbohydrate and they spend this energy for biosynthesis , membrane transport, and movement. In both directions, energy is exchanged and transferred in the form of ATP. This course begins with a brief description of thermodynamics concepts and their relationship to biochemical reactions. This is followed by a discussion of oxidation-reduction reactions, the cell`s primary mechanism for capturing energy. Finally the role of ATP and other high energy compounds is described.
Most of the metabolic energy that is obtained from substrate entering glycolysis and Tricarboxylic acids cycle is funneled via oxidation – reduction reactions into NADH and reduced flavoproteins and finally electrons stored in the form of reduced coenzymes are passed through chain of proteins and coenzymes, the so called ETC (electron transport chain). During the oxidation of NADH, there are three steps in which the energy loss sufficient to account for ATP synthesis. These steps, which occur within complexes I, III, and IV, are referred to as sites I, II, and III respectively. Oxidative phosphorylation is the mechanism by which electron transport is coupled to the synthesis of ATP. According to the chemiosmotic theory, the creation of a proton gradient that accompanies electron transports is coupled to ATP synthesis.
• The complete oxidation of glucose results in the synthesis of 29.5 to 31 mol. of ATP, depending on whether the glycerol phosphate shuttle or the malate- aspartate shuttle transfers electrons from cytoplasmic NADH to mitochondrial ETC.
Course Objectives
1- The course provide a comprehensive understanding the fundamentals of thermodynamics and how biological systems harness energy to do work.
2- How do the principle of thermodynamics apply to living organism
3- Know the meaning of specific terms in bioenergetics such as energy, laws of thermodynamics, substrate level phosphorylation, proton pump, coupling and uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation.....
4- What is the significance of free energy?
5- Know that all chemical reactions are essentially oxidation-reduction processes.
6- How do oxid-reduction reactions generate energy?
7- Know that glycolysis is the first stage of carbohydrate metabolism, and that it takes place in the cytoplas of a cell.
8- Know that the krebs cycle is often referred to as the second stage of aerobic respiration and the third stage is called the electron transport system
9 - How is energy obtained from the breakdown of glucose by the reaction of citric acid cycle and glycolysis
10- How is the energy released obtained from the break down of acetyle –CoA by the reaction of the citric acid cycle?
11- What is the role of ATP in living system.
12- Hydrolytic cleavage of the phosphoanhydride groups of ATP releases large amounts of free energy.
13- What are the structural parts of a mitochondrion, specially its enzymes and the function of the cristae?
Components of ETC.
14- How is the energy released during the electron transport pathway captured and used to drive biosynthetic processes? and ATP formation
15- Know the mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation and the role of mitochondrial ATPase
16- Know the molecular structure of F1 ATP-ase synthase.
17- Know the mitochondrial disfunction and disease
18- Improve their ability to learn biochemistry independently
Chapter one - Bioenergetics and Metabolism
Chapter tow- Bioenergetics and Thermodynamics
Chapter three- Oxidative phosphorylation
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Week
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Subject/Topic
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1
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Introduction to the syllabus , Buy Books
What is Bioenergetics?
Energ y
What is Metabolism ?
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2
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Energy is extracted from foodstuffs by three different stages.
Metabolism is classified into 2 Major pathways
Anabolism & Catabolism
Energy from organic compounds
Energy from light
ATP cycle
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3
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Modes of enzymes organization in metabolic pathway
Cellular respiration
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4
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Bioenergetics and thermodynamics
Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions
The Concept of Free Energy
Biological energy transductions obey the laws of thermodynamics
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5
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Cells Require Sources of Free Energy
FREE ENERGY: THE INDICATOR OF SPONTANEITY
Actual Free-Energy Changes Depend on
Reactant and Product Concentrations
Standard-State Free Energy of Formation (ΔGf)
Standard-state conditions
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6
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Equilibrium constant and standared free energy changes
Free Energy and Equilibrium Constants
Free energy and Cell potentials
Coupled Reactions
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Course Requirements and Grading
Text Books and References:-
• Nicolls G. David and Ferguson J> Stuart (2002). Bioenrgetics 3
• Regulation in metabolism by E. Newsholme and C.Start(1973), J. Wiley
•HORTON Principles of Biochemistry 1996
•A. LEHNINGER Principle of Biochemistry, Bioenergetics 2004
• Voet and Voet 2004
• Segel IH Biochemical calculation, second Edition
Links
•www.cst.cmich.edu/users/baile 1re/bio101fall/respir/resp/
• http://www.bmb.leeds.ac.uk/illingworth/oxophos/index.htm
• http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/campbl06.htm?
The performance in this course will be evaluated in five areas : class participitation, home works and two exams
Class participitation………………………………..2 %
Home works…………………………….….….….18 %
First exam ………………………………………....20 %
Second exam ………………………………..…….20 %
Final exam …………………………………..…….40 %
السياسات الواجب الإلتزام بها:
● تحرم الطالبة من الإختبار النهائي إذا تجاوز غيابها
8 مرات بدون عذر
● على كل طالبة الإلتزام بتأدية الإختبارات بالشعبه الرسميه المسجله بها
● التخلف عن أحد الإختبارات الدورية بعذر طبي و ان يكون التقرير الطبي مصدق من جهة حكومية
● إغلاق الجوال أثناء المحاضرة
● الإلتزام باللبس المحتشم وإلا سوف يحسب غياب للطالبة بدون عذر
•● تسليم الواجبات في الموعد المحدد
●عدم لبس العباءة أثناء المحاضرة أو الإختبار
●إحضار قلم رصاص الخاص بالتصحيح الألي HB عند تأدية الإختبارات .
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